As readers of this website will know, many of us work hard to restore bare ground when it develops in Seward’s small, threatened old-growth forest.

Here’s why. Bare ground is biologically inert. Dead. Fungal and bacterial populations die off. Insects and birds have nothing to feed on. The ecological warp and weft of this already threatened forest is further reduced.

Bare ground has two principal causes. Human (and canine) off-trail travel and play, for one. And species loss (sword ferns, western hemlock, salal) possibly indirectly the result of climate change.

We are getting better at restoration planting in these bare sites – with pretty good plant survival rates – approaching 80% over the last few years.

But in a few places in the forest, and in one large area in particular, there are ongoing off-trail destructive gatherings. Long-lasting harm has been done – as the photos above attest.

These gatherings, these activities, likely come with good intentions. Perhaps some ceremonial context is at play: a gathering of forest enthusiasts seeking connection to the natural world in this 500-year-old forest.

But the harm to the forest is clear. Branches are collected and structures built. Recently, cedar bark has been stripped. Small fires have been set.

We understand the intention. In fact, many of us share that intention..

But the harm is ongoing. It is accelerating. It poses a threat to the forest we all value.

We need a remedy. But it is not yet clear how to proceed.

A stalwart crew, young and old, spent a sunny afternoon planting the last of 400 understory plants into carefully prepared, year-old deep mulch. We will water these plants weekly for a couple of years through the summer drought, hoping to approach 100% survival.

The Overview

Bare ground in Seward’s old-growth forest is created in two ways: off-trail travel and play; and sword fern die-off. We figure that bare ground is biologically inert ground – that is, dead ground. To stave off the possibiliyty of cascading ecosystem degradation, we mulch, we plant, we water.

We are grateful to Seattle Parks, the Green Seattle Partnership, and to the indefatigable Eric Sterner for plants, mulch, cisterns and gracious support.

Interested in joining a work party? They take place once or twice a month. Send us an email.

https://pshannon.net/splitSite2025

We have been tracking, and trying to understand dramatic and novel mortality of sword ferns in our old-growth forest’s understory. Only sword ferns (Polystichum munitum) are affected.

The full twelve year project is documented here.

Two Univeristy of Washington students spent the summer surveying throughout the Puget Lowlands of Washington state, establishing that the sword fern blight is intermittently present throughout that region. This project is reported here.

At Seward Park, we have observed the “split site” (see map tab) informally for two years. This summer (2025) we approached it systematically, by

• Mapping and classifying each of the 39 ferns.
• Analyzing the soil in each half

The site provides a natural experiment in that the two halves have

• apparently identical abiotic conditions,
• are equal in sword fern density and count
• are separated only by one meter horizontally
• have the same slope and aspect
• have no obvious canopy differences (though month-by-month insolation data have not been collected)
• are separated only by a fallen Douglas-fir log which, in the site, has a ground clearance averaging three inches (need to verify this!) allowing easy passage air, insects, small mammals and rainwater.

Nonetheless, and for several years, sword mortality is dramatically different between the two halves. The remnant dead fern crowns (dark grey markers on the map) indicate that mortality struck here three-to-five years ago. This summer (I write in September 2025) a few of the “healthy side” ferns show their first signs of blight.

On the affected half-site, the survival of 3 of 21 ferns (14%) fits our informal sense that even in heavily affected pure stands, and perhaps due to genetic variability, 10% of the stand survives the blight.

A simple chi-square calculation shows that the significance (p-value) of the separation is 4.887e-07. In lay terms: there is 1 chance in two million that this contrast happened by chance.

Thus this site, judiciously studied, and with many conditions and features identical, and dramatically different outcome, may help us to understand the nature of the sword fern blight.

Results of Soil Tests Conducted Separately on the Two SubSites

Four soil samples were collected on each subsite, to a depth of three inches. These were pooled to create two aggregate samples, one for each side, and sent to EarthFort of Corvallis Oregon for analysis.

There are many healthy sword ferns in the forest – esspecially right by the trails. Those which have died (or are now dying) are easy to overlook.

But the die-off continues – this video shows. We estimate that more than 100 of these normally long-lived plants die each year. For the full history of the research, look here.

New forest steward Jenny Dooley kicked off this restoration project on May 17th. This half acre in the middle of the forest has 605 dead ferns, some surviving ferns, and a smattering of other understory plants.

Ongoing project documentation is maintained here.

Garfield High School Senior Nate Butcher and UW’s Dr. Tim Billo worked through the summer of 2024 collecting the first comprehensive baseline vegetation data for future monitoring of Seward Park forest. Wonderful insights into the structure of the forest emerged. See slide show here.

This lovely stand lost a few ferns in 2020. Now we see
the widespread death we have been trying to understand.

A few hours of good work and great company on a beautiful day!

We mapped 56 dead sword ferns. Having learned that natural regeneration takes decades, we spread mulch thickly over the site – with a few cubic yards of mulch still to go. We will plant high-survival native species next winter.

Submitted by E. Van Volkenburgh

Attending: Lizbeth Coller, Paul Talbert, Al Smith, Ted Weinberg, Chris Hollinger, Paul Shannon, Nate Butcher, Liz Van Volkenburgh.

Paul Talbert called the meeting to order at 9:35 am.

Announcements. Paul Talbert moved that renew our business license. Moved, Voted, Passed (MVP) Paul also announced that FoSP must file a Beneficial Ownership form, related to its 501c3 status. This will be taken care of by Paul or Lizbeth.

Audubon Update. There was no Audubon Update as Joey was not present.

Monthly Reports. Lizbeth gave the Treasurer’s report: FoSP has $62,974 in its budget. A check for $960 has been written for Dylan Mendenhall for his contracted work on the sword fern sequencing project. Two donations have been received with no restrictions ($250, $5000). The Secretary’s report written by Patty Borman was emailed to the Board members on November 18. With no objection, those minutes stand approved.

Luminaria. The Luminaria organized for November 30 by a neighbor, Meghan Austin, and supported by several volunteers from the Board was a success. People coming to see the Christmas Ships were pleased and offered many thanks. Paul Talbert will send a thank you note to Meghan.

Sequencing update. Paul Talbert had sent out an update prior to this meeting and reviewed that for the Board. Paul Shannon objected to approving Dylan Mendenhall’s progress as “OK” stating that Dylan is 4 months behind schedule. After considerable discussion it was agreed that Paul Talbert would reach out to Dylan by phone to let him know there is a check in the mail for him ($960) and to share the Board’s frustration with Dylan’s slow progress. It was further agreed that by January 15 Dylan must show evidence (e.g. a photograph of bands on a gel) of successful bacterial, fungal and/or oomycetes amplification from his samples of fern fronds. In the event that no microbial DNA is amplified, the question of whether to proceed will come to the Board for a decision. The issue is whether the Board will want to risk funding DNA sequencing on samples that Dylan was unable to amplify microbial sequences from. In conversation with Dylan, Paul Talbert would also offer him an off-ramp to exit the project. Paul Shannon discussed options for pursuing the project with other labs and was encouraged to seek a bid from Dr. Marianne Elliot at WSU. Another option would be to approach Dr. Ryan Kelly at the UW eDNA Collaborative via Tim Billo.

Richard reported the discussion about speed bumps from the WDOT meeting with Seattle Parks. The meeting was organized with group work and reporting out but was quite contentious.

Forest Report. Paul Shannon reported that work parties have been happening every month following a gardeners’ strategy to mulch one foot deep, wait a year, then plant. So far, this strategy has been successful for revegetating parts of the park. Nate Butcher provided a brief update on his research project supervised by Tim Billo making a baseline vegetation survey utilizing 18 randomly positioned plots. Nate will provide a formal report in January. He is also seeking assistance with analyzing the data with appropriate statistics.

Other business. Paul Shannon asked for time to brainstorm creation of a 500 year plan as an update to the Vegetation Management Plan made in 2006 by FoSP with support of Seattle Parks. This idea was discussed and clarified – the intent is not to specify what will be planted when or what the park will look like in 500 years, but rather is to specify how to figure out what steps to take to keep the vegetation healthy. These ongoing management processes could include surveys, research studies, implementation of plans known to be successful in similar situations, etc.

We have wanted to do this for ten years, and finally the day has arrived. Our documentary film helped us to gather $15k, so on September 17th, Dylan Mendenhall of Haven Ecology collected sword fern tissue samples. We hope to identify contrasting microbiomes by comparing diseased tissue (from an active die-off site at Seward) and healthy controls (from Seattle’s Interlaken Park). Our informal studies suggest that the ferns are being killed by a water-borne pathogen, or by the loss of a protective microbe. DNA sequencing may identify the species.

Dylan is now extracting DNA for submission to Dalhousie University, where PCR amplification of fungal, bacterial and oomycetes primers prepare for sequencing. Dylan will analyze the data, with results ready by the end of the year.

The sword fern die-off is now broadly recognized as a regional problem, common across the Puget lowlands. Nonetheless, this loss of a foundational PNW forest understory speices has failed to garner interest and funding from government and academic researchers.

That may change. Washington’s Department of Natural Resources and UW researchers tell us they will be interested in following up if we obtain significant results.

Three students, UW’s Dr. Tim Billo, forest steward Paul Shannon, 500 hours of field work, 724 trees. We determined that hemlock mortality is concentrated in one six-acre site, with thriving hemlocks elsewhere, of all ages. This establishes that neither climate nor old-age is the cause. And it presents an opportunity for further study. Something is killing hemlocks, but it is not weather patterns, soil, geology or old age. The final report, with interactive map, data table, and statistics is here. DNA sequencing of failing hemlocks and sword ferns scheduled for this summer.

We held our first this past weekend, April 6th – to repeat every first Saturday of the month, year round. Email us if you wish to be on the notification email list.

Here are some of the volunteer crew, relaxing after moving a ton of mulch into the Fairy Tree play area. We have two goals: to keep this spot safe, open and for kids, and to protect the forest from enthusiastic overuse.

With this final result:

We also built a brambly barrier to protect this year’s new planting near the Hollow Tree, another favorite kid play spot, on the Woodpecker Trail.

Details here.

Seattle Parks Trail Maintenance chief, Amir Williams, and crew, did an elegant & minimal pruning of the seqebeqsed trail in the last week of August. Thank you, Seattle Parks!

Full account here.

12 September 2023: Leaves with distorted shape and size dominate parts of many of the forest’s Oregon Ash trees. Total foliage in some is sparse. I think the initiation of further distortion ended with the summer dry period. The trees otherwise seem healthy. And if protracted spring/early summer rain recurs only infrequently, in future years, I predict no lasting harm to this species. I will continue to watch.

Andrews Bay. Photo by Karen O’Brien.

Andrews Bay separates Bailey Peninsula from the rest of southeast Seattle. It is home to breeding peamouths, juvenile and spawning salmon, and other fish and invertebrates. Bald eagles, ospreys, double-crested cormorants, great blue herons, kingfishers, mergansers, and Caspian terns regularly fish the bay. Buffleheads, goldeneyes, scaups, ring-necked ducks, widgeons, gadwalls, mallards, Canada geese, coots, gulls, and occasional eared grebes and loons find food and shelter in the protected waters. Pied-billed grebes make their floating nests among the cattails and bur-reeds. Turtles sun themselves on rocks and fallen trees. Beavers, otters, and muskrats make their homes in the bay or visit to find food. Red-winged blackbirds sing from the shorelines, while dragonflies, swallows, and bats catch flying insects over the bay.

The native people living on the shores of Lake Washington most likely hunted ducks in the bay from their canoes, and gathered wapato for food and cattails for mats. With the arrival of Euro-American settlers, the bay was named for Lyman B. Andrews, early pioneer of Issaquah and Seattle, who was a chainman on the crew of the cadastral survey of 1861 that first used the names Andrews Bay and Andrews Peninsula. Though the name of the peninsula changed with different landowners, Andrews’ name is still attached to the bay.

Boats in the bay

In their 1912 Preliminary Plan for Seward Park, the Olmsted Brothers firm envisioned Andrews Bay as being for small pleasure boats, not for steamers and commercial boats, the motorized boats of the day. As early as 1905, before Bailey Peninsula had been acquired for a city park, the Seattle Boat Club held boat races in the bay. A public swimming beach was created at the head of the bay in 1918, and has been popular ever since. By the Great Depression, neighborhood groups strongly opposed a proposal to make a permanent race course in the bay because of the roar of motorized boats. Nevertheless rowing or crew races were very popular in the bay in the 1940s. The route of the races is still used for training by the Mount Baker Rowing and Sailing Center. Today the bay is used by swimmers, rowers, canoeists, kayakers, and paddleboarders, but the most visible use in the summer is for anchorage of motorized boats.

Ordinances

In 1909, the state granted jurisdiction of waters and tidelands fronting or adjacent to a city or town to the city or town to the middle of the bay, river, sound, lake, or other waters (RCW 35.21.160). When the city acquired Bailey Peninsula in 1910 and owned both sides of Andrews Bay, it acquired jurisdiction over the entire bay.

In 1996, a temporary ordinance (Ordinance 118114) that was soon made permanent (Ordinance 118570 in 1997) established the eastern portion of Andrews Bay as a location for overnight anchorage of boats (up to 72 hours).

Seward Park Anchorage Zone

The capacity for the bay suggested by Seattle Parks and Recreation (SPR) is 80 boats, though on a summer weekend it is more common to find 150-300 boats. Despite a persistent myth that Andrews Bay is the only place to anchor on Lake Washington, overnight anchorage of up to 72 hours is also available at Kenmore and Juanita Bay. That said, the distribution of anchorage sites is highly inequitable, with most lake communities banning anchorage outright. Union Bay Natural Area, reclaimed from a landfill, is protected as a natural area and prohibits motorized boats. In contrast, Andrews Bay, a natural bay flanked by old-growth forest with some of the best available salmon habitat left on the lake, receives a high concentration of motorized boats and no active protection.

Anchored boats on Andrews Bay

Four similarly sized bays that ban anchorage

The growing noise from increasingly sophisticated sound systems on boats motivated local neighborhood activists around the lake to lobby for noise ordinances. In 2012 a noise ordinance was passed for Juanita Bay and in 2013 one was passed by the Seattle city council at the behest of park users and Andrews Bay neighbors. However, while Juanita Bay enforced their ordinance, the Seattle Harbor Patrol, headquartered an hour away in Lake Union, did not enforce the noise ordinance on Andrews Bay, and the noise instead worsened when noisy boaters from Juanita Bay relocated to Andrews Bay.

Seattle Ordinance 124225: “It is unlawful for any person to negligently cause, make or allow to be made from audio equipment under such person’s control or ownership sound from a watercraft that can be clearly heard by a person of normal hearing at a distance of three hundred (300) feet or more from the watercraft itself.”

In 2018, ostensibly to clarify jurisdiction, the State Department of Natural Resources (DNR) granted a 30 year lease of Andrews Bay including the use of the anchorage area “for no other purpose” to Seattle Parks and Recreation without any apparent public input or notification (Aquatic Lands Lease No. 22-096863). It is unclear why this was necessary, given that the 1909 law already gave the city jurisdiction. This “clarification” and a claim that “Harbor Patrol can better control unruly behavior if area is under SPR management” did not result in any enforcement of the noise or anchorage ordinances from either the Harbor Patrol or Seattle Parks and Recreation, despite the fact that the lease allows “Andrews Bay to operate as a public park.”

DNR lease area

Worsening impacts

The situation became less tolerable to neighbors during the 2020 pandemic, when summer weekend noise, derelict boats, and overcrowded drunken floating parties without personal flotation devices for the participants were accompanied by two drownings. The Save Andrews Bay neighborhood group formed to lobby city officials and park employees to enforce the ordinances. Save Andrews Bay is concerned not only about noise, but the safety of swimmers and boaters, fuel and sewage spillage into the bay, anchorage outside the designated area that reduces space and safe passageway for non-motorized users of the bay, and the impact on both surface wildlife and the benthic flora and fauna when 200-300 boats are anchored in the bay.

In direct contradiction to the desire of the Olmsteds to prohibit commercial use of the bay, commercial cruises advertise “waking up on quiet Andrews Bay” by booking an overnight bed-and-breakfast cruise. It is unclear whether these cruises are permitted by Seattle Parks and Recreation.

Enforcement

In 2022, after no visible action by the city, Save Andrews Bay teamed with the Friends of Seward Park to raise $17,000 to hire the Harbor Patrol to patrol Andrews Bay on summer weekends. This was significantly successful, with noise levels reduced because the Harbor Patrol had a presence, even though no tickets were issued. There were no drownings. Unfortunately, raising private funds to patrol a public park is both inequitable and unsustainable, and our hope is that having been shown that enforcement can make a difference, the city will budget for future enforcement. To date no such funding has been budgeted, but $50,000 has been budgeted for buoys with better signs marking the anchorage area.

A permitting system for anchorage has the potential to control overcrowding and noise and pay for itself, but thus far the city has shown no interest.